There’s no shortage of people on Wall Street willing to tell you when you should buy a particular stock. Cable-news shows, investment publications and newsletters are filled with recommendations from analysts and market commentators on what you should buy next.
But fewer people talk about when you should sell a stock and why. Let’s take a closer look at when you should and shouldn’t consider selling a stock.
Reasons to sell a stock
1. You’ve found something better
Investing is ultimately about earning the highest rate of return possible while taking on a minimal amount of risk. As business characteristics and market prices change, investing opportunities change with them. If you own a stock, but find another investment — perhaps another stock or something else entirely — that you find more attractive, it could make sense to sell what you own in favor of the better opportunity.
2. You made a mistake
Mistakes happen, and the sooner you realize it the better. Sometimes, it turns out that a business isn’t what we thought it was when we purchased the stock. Maybe it faces tougher competition than you thought or its positioning is getting worse, not better.
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British economist John Maynard Keynes famously said that when the facts change, you should change your mind. Admitting mistakes can be hard, but you’ll be better off as an investor if you can realize them quickly and get out of your position.
3. The company’s business outlook has changed
Businesses are dynamic and their future success is far from guaranteed. Companies that earn high returns on capital often face stiff competition that could bring their returns to more normal levels. Other times, businesses face total disruption from new innovation that threatens the company’s very existence.
Traditional bookstores’ fortunes changed virtually overnight with the arrival of Amazon in the 1990s. If you had owned stock in Barnes & Noble or Borders Group back then, you would have been wise to sell your shares in advance of the eventual deterioration in its business.
4. Tax reasons
If you have losses in some of your investments, you may want to consider selling them to take advantage of a strategy known as tax-loss harvesting. This approach allows you to save on your tax bill by offsetting income and capital gains with your losses.
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The IRS allows you to claim up to $3,000 in losses each year, which could save you a good chunk in taxes. If your losses are beyond the $3,000 limit, you can carry over the additional losses to offset gains in future tax years. This strategy only makes sense in taxable accounts, not in retirement accounts like 401(k)s or IRAs.
But try not to let tax considerations drive your investment decisions. Trading in and out of strong companies for tax purposes or other reasons can often leave you worse off than if you’d just held the stock for the long term.
5. Rebalancing your portfolio
If you’ve had a stock perform particularly well, you probably noticed that it accounts for a larger part of your overall portfolio than it did when you bought it. If it makes up an outsized portion of your portfolio, you might consider selling it back down to a lower weighting through portfolio rebalancing. This can help your portfolio maintain proper allocations and avoid having too much exposure to one stock.
But be careful not to rebalance too often, or you might find yourself repeatedly selling companies that are performing well and adding to ones that aren’t — a process some investors equate to cutting the flowers and watering the weeds.
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6. Valuation no longer reflects business reality
Occasionally, markets can get overly optimistic about the future prospects for a business, bidding its stock price to unsustainable levels. When the price of a stock reaches a level that cannot be justified by even the best estimates of future business performance, it could be a good time to sell your shares.
There are countless examples throughout history of market prices getting ahead of the underlying business fundamentals, leading to underperforming stocks for years to come. In the late 1990s, many technology companies were pushed to levels that couldn’t be justified by their fundamentals. Companies such as Cisco and Intel still haven’t achieved their highs reached in early 2000, despite relatively good business performance.
7. You need the money
If you think you might need access to a hefty sum of money in the near future, it probably shouldn’t be invested in stocks at all. But things happen in life that could create a need for raising cash from a source that was otherwise intended to be invested for the long term.
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Building an emergency fund is an important first step in any financial plan, but sometimes that gets depleted and you need to access money quickly. If circumstances force your hand, you may have to consider selling a stock to meet an immediate need.
Reasons not to sell a stock
1. The stock has gone up
There’s an old saying that no one ever went broke taking a profit, but selling just because a stock has gone up isn’t a sound investment practice. Some of the world’s most successful companies are able to compound investors’ capital for decades and those who sell too soon end up missing out on years of future gains.
Companies like Walmart, Microsoft and countless others have earned early investors many times their money. Don’t sell just because you’re sitting on a profit.
2. The stock has gone down
Conversely, just because a stock has declined is no reason to sell either. In fact, it may be a reason to buy more if your original reasons for buying the stock are still intact. If the facts haven’t changed, it might be an opportunity.
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Markets rise and fall for a number of reasons in the short term, creating potential opportunities for true long-term investors. A stock that is attractively priced can always become even more attractively priced, and that’s a reason to buy, not sell.
3. Economic forecasts
There is never a shortage of things that markets and traders worry about. There is always someone predicting an economic recession or doomsday scenario. Most of the time these forecasts should be ignored. Famed investor Peter Lynch once said that “If you spend 13 minutes a year on economics, you’ve wasted 10 minutes.”
Remember that investing is a long-term game and don’t sell just because someone is predicting an economic slowdown.
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4. Short-term concerns
Many market prognosticators are willing to offer their advice on what stocks are going to do tomorrow, next week, or next month. The truth is that no one knows. Often these well-educated forecasters make very convincing arguments about why a stock will perform one way or another over the coming days.
But remember that businesses, and therefore stocks, are ultimately worth the cash flow they produce over their remaining lives discounted back to the present at an appropriate interest rate. The next week or month typically has almost no impact on a stock’s intrinsic value. Try not to get swept away by market commentators and their short-term predictions.
The bottom line
Deciding when to sell a stock isn’t easy, but try to focus on the performance of the underlying business, its competitive positioning and valuation. Try to avoid the predictions of so-called experts who claim to know what will happen in the near term. Ultimately, remember that stocks are ownership stakes in real businesses and their long-term earnings will drive your return as a shareholder.
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